Stone Finials in Ottoman Period Religious Buildings in Bitola, Ohrid, and Skopje Cities of Macedonia

G�l�en Di�li¹, Nurcan �nci-F�rat²
¹Prime Ministry Directorate General Of Foundations Department Of Art And Construction Works, Ankara, Turkey
²Prime Ministry Directorate General Of Foundations Department Of Foreign Relations, Ankara, Turkey

Finials, observed in Anatolia since 7000 B.C., have been used in various religions and societies in different forms and symbolic meanings, and have been applied by Turks with great success above the tents and building tops and on spearheads. In Ottoman period, they were also used above the dome, vault, minaret and minber tops of many architectural building types such as mosque, madrasa, tomb and fountain. Either in historic buildings, the finials have never been studied or the existing researches concentrated on the metal finials. Research on stone finials is rather limited. This study aims at defining general characteristics, typological documentation, and inventory of stone finials in religious architectural buildings located in city centers of Macedonia, as an architectural element rather than focusing on their symbolic meanings. Hence, it is intended that the data obtained from the research on existing stone finials of case study nine mosques and two tombs built in 15th-18th century in Macedonia, have been a comparative study for the similar building types in similar regions during their restorations. First, definition of finial, its historiography, and functions have been explained in detail, and material, technique, and formal features, size, dimension, and ratios of finials have been studied. Stone finials in case study mosques and tombs of Macedonia have been assessed according to their forms, type of building they have been located, according to their location inside the building and their material by means of historic photos, engravings and in-situ observations.

Keywords: Macedonia, stone finials, religious architecture, typology

Makedonya�n�n Manast�r, Ohri ve �sk�p �ehirlerindeki Osmanl� D�nemi Dini Yap�lar�nda Ta� Alemler

G�l�en Di�li¹, Nurcan �nci-F�rat²
¹Ba�bakanl�k Vak�flar Genel M�d�rl�� Sanat Eserleri Ve Yap� ��leri Daire Ba�kanl��, Ankara, T�rkiye
²Ba�bakanl�k Vak�flar Genel M�d�rl�� D�� li�kiler Daire Ba�kanl��, Ankara, T�rkiye

Anadolu�da M.�. 7000 y�l�ndan itibaren g�r�len alem, �e�itli din ve toplumlarda farkl� formlarda ve sembolik anlamlarda kullan�lm��, T�rkler taraf�ndan �ad�r ve bina tepelerinde, m�zrak u�lar�nda, Osmanl� D�neminde de cami, medrese, t�rbe ve �ad�rvan gibi pek �ok yap� tipinin �rt� sistemlerinde ba�ar�yla uygulanm��t�r.
Tarihi yap�larda alemler neredeyse hi� �al��lmayan bir konu olmu�, mevcut ara�t�rmalar da metal alemler �zerine yo�unla�m��t�r. Ta� alemleri ele alan ara�t�rmalar ise olduk�a k�s�tl�d�r. Bu ara�t�rma ile; yakla��k 520 y�l Osmanl� topraklar�n�n bir par�as� olan Makedonya�n�n �sk�p, Ohri ve Manast�r kent merkezlerinde bulunan dini yap�lardaki ta� alemlerin sembolik anlam�ndan �ok mimari ��e olarak incelenmesi, genel karakteristiklerinin tan�mlanmas�, tipolojik belgeleme ve envanterlerinin ��kar�lmas� hedeflenmi�tir. B�ylece ara�t�rma kapsam�nda 15.-18. y�zy�llar aras�nda in�a edilen dokuz adet cami ve iki adet t�rbe yap�s�ndaki g�n�m�zde mevcut olan ta� alemlerin incelenmesi sonucu elde edilen verilerin benzer yap� t�rleri ve co�rafyadaki yap�larda restorasyon �al��malar� esnas�nda kar��la�t�rmal� bir kaynak olu�turmas� ama�lam��t�r. �ncelikle alemin tan�m�, tarih�esi ve i�levleri a��klanm�� ve mimari ��e olarak alemlerin malzeme-teknik, bi�im �zellikleri, boyut, b�y�kl�k ve oranlar� ara�t�r�lm��t�r. Makedonya�daki tarihi cami ve t�rbelerdeki ta� alemler, ula��labilen tarihi foto�raf ve grav�rler ile �e�itli kaynaklar�n incelenmesi ve arazi �al��malar� neticesinde; formlar�na, bulunduklar� yap� tipine, yap�daki konumlar�na ve yap�ld�klar� malzemelere g�re gruplara ayr�larak de�erlendirilmi�tir.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Makedonya, ta� alemler, dini mimari, tipoloji

G�l�en Di�li, Nurcan �nci-F�rat. Stone Finials in Ottoman Period Religious Buildings in Bitola, Ohrid, and Skopje Cities of Macedonia. Megaron. 2016; 11(3): 318-332

Corresponding Author: G�l�en Di�li, T�rkiye

TOOLS

Full Text PDF

Download citation

RIS

EndNote

BibTex

Medlars

Procite

Reference Manager

Share with email

Send email to author

Similar articles

PubMed

Google Scholar