Ýçinde yaþadýðýmýz dönemde planlama ve planlama pratiði ile ilgili düþ kýrýklýklarý ve kaygýlar neoliberal ekonomik gündemin yol açtýðý artan eþitsizlikler, demokrasideki eksiklikler ve dezavantajlý gruplarýn karar süreçlerinden bazý güç gruplarýnýn çýkarlarý doðrultusunda dýþlanmasý gibi olumsuzluklar nedeniyle artmaktadýr. Güncel tartýþmalar, neoliberal yönetiþimin planlamayý bir çýkmaza sürüklediðini vurgulamaktadýr. Bu çerçevede bu makale, önemli bir soruya odaklanmaktadýr. Planlamanýn ve planlama pratiðinin bugün yaþadýðý çýkmazýn üstesinden gelebilmek için mevcut yazýnda hangi tartýþmalar ve öneriler geliþtirilmektedir? Konu ile ilgili yazýnýn irdelenmesi iki farklý yönelimi iþaret etmektedir: demokratik politikanýn ve karar süreçlerinin gerçekleþmesi için mücadele etmek veya planlamanýn mevcut konum ve koþullarýný iyileþtirerek etkin ve uygulanabilecek seçenekleri araþtýrmak. Farklý önerilerin irdelenmesi, genel ve gerçeklikten soyutlanmýþ yaklaþýmlar yerine deðiþen koþullara dayanýklý ve uyum saðlayabilecek bir planlama yaklaþýmýnýn gerekli olduðunu gösterirken, bu yaklaþýmýn deneysel bir ele alýþla ve sosyal, siyasal ve mekânsal iliþkileri ve çatýþmalarý dikkate alarak mümkün olabileceði iddia edilmektedir. Makalenin son bölümü, mevcut koþullara duyarlý ve tepkili bir planlama yaklaþýmýnýn ana ilkelerine odaklanmýþtýr.

In the current era, there is an increasing disappointment related to planning practice, about the neoliberal agenda that led to increased inequality, democratic deficit, and the exclusion of disadvantaged groups for the benefit of groups with power in the decision-making mechanisms. The current debates emphasise the rise of neoliberal governmentality brought an impasse in planning. That said, this paper address one major question: How does literature respond to the impasse of the existing planning process and planning practice? The literature review summarises the two strands of response: struggle for democratic politics and decision-making and search for effective and practical alternatives while improving the existing status and conditions of planning. Reviewing different proposals, the paper argues that what is needed is a resilient politics of planning that follows a heuristic approach and looks for the possible considering local dynamics that include social, political, and spatial relations and struggles instead of planning based on abstract and generalised principles. The last part of the paper is devoted to the main principles in building planning both responsive and reactive to the existing conditions.

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Bu makale, planlamanýn çaðdaþ ikilemlerini, kentsel ve bölgesel planlamanýn hâkim pragmatik yaklaþýmlarýný kamu normlarýný kurumsallaþtýrma zorluðuyla karþý karþýya getirerek sorgulamaktadýr. Analitik çerçeve, planlamanýn normatif boyutunun toplumsallaþtýrýlmasý (sosyal etkileþimi ve politikalarý koþullandýran ve uygunluðu gerekçelendiren kamu normlarýnýn belirlenmesi) ve planlamanýn pragmatik yönelimi (amaca yönelik hedef belirleme ile kamu ve özel sektör arasýndaki yatay iþ birliðine, problem çözmeye ve hatalarýn düzeltilmesine doðrudan odaklanma) arasýndaki temel farký vurgulamaktadýr. Yazar, planlamanýn meþruiyeti ve etkinliði için iki boyut arasýnda üretken bir diyalektiðe ihtiyaç olduðunu iddia etmektedir. Ancak devam eden planlama uygulamalarýnda normatif kurumsal boyutun ihmal edildiði görülmektedir. Ampirik araþtýrma, parçalý þehir-bölge mekânlarýný sürdürülebilir mekân niteliklerine sahip daha tutarlý þehir-bölgesel konfigürasyonlara yönlendirmeyi amaçlayan dönüþtürücü planlamanýn koþullarýný incelemektedir. Þehir-bölgesel dönüþümün üç koþulu incelemeye alýnmaktadýr: yaþanabilirlik, hareketlilik ve iklime duyarlýlýk.

The article questions the contemporary dilemmas of planning by confronting the prevailing pragmatic approaches of urban and regional planning with the challenge to institutionalise public norms. The analytical framework highlights the fundamental difference between the socialisation of the normative dimension of planning (the setting of public norms that condition social interaction and policies and justify the appropriateness) and the pragmatic orientation of planning (the purposive targeting and horizontal collaboration of public and private agencies, the direct focus on problem-solving and the correction of errors). The author claims that a productive dialectic between the two dimensions is needed for the sake of legitimacy and effectiveness of planning. However, the normative institutional dimension appears to be neglected in ongoing practices of planning. The empirical investigation examines the conditions of transformational planning that aims at guiding fragmented city-regional spaces into more coherent city-regional configurations with sustainable qualities of place. Three conditions of city-regional transformation are taken into the examination: habitability, mobility, and the care for the climate.

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Türkiye’nin sakin þehir baþkenti olan Seferihisar, yerel sürdürülebilir kalkýnmayý saðlamak için yerel karakteristikleri korumayý amaçlarken, kaçýnýlmaz olarak turizmi teþvik etmektedir. Ancak, tarým ve turizm sektörleri çatýþmalý olabilmekte ve agroturizm gibi kesiþimleri geliþtirecek doðru planlama ve üretim politikalarýna ihtiyaç duyabilmektedir. Çalýþma, tarým ve turizm sektörleri arasýnda meydana gelen çatýþmalarý ve potansiyelleri, planlama ve üretim politikalarý çerçevesinde yerel paydaþlarýn algýsý üzerinden ortaya koymayý amaçlamaktadýr. Bu amaç çerçevesinde, çalýþma sakin þehir markalaþmasýna eleþtirel bir perspektiften yaklaþmaktadýr. Çalýþma iki ana aþamaya dayanmaktadýr. Ýlk aþamada, yerel paydaþlarýn turizm ve tarým sektörlerine dair algýsý mülakatlar yoluyla belirlenmektedir. Ýkinci aþamada ise ilk aþamanýn çýktýlarý göz önüne alýnarak planlama ve politika önerileri geliþtirilmektedir. Mülakatlar, tarým ve turizm sektörleri ile iliþkili sivil toplum kuruluþlarý, kooperatif temsilcileri, yerel organizasyon temsilcileri ve meslek odalarýyla çevrim içi olarak yürütülmüþtür. Sorular, Seferihisar’ýn mekânsal, sosyal, demografik, kültürel, ekonomik ve politik yapýsýndaki deðiþiklikleri yerel paydaþlarýn algýlarý dahilinde incelemeyi amaçlamaktadýr. Mülakatýn çýktýlarý iyi yönetilen bir geliþme ve planlama çerçevesini aydýnlatmaktadýr. Sonuç olarak, yerel paydaþlar tarafýndan algýlanan sorunlar ve potansiyeller göz önüne alýnarak planlama ve politika yaklaþýmlarýnýn çerçevesi çizilmektedir.

Seferihisar is the Slow City capital of Turkey, which aims to preserve the local characteristics to ensure local sustainable development while inevitably promotes tourism. However, the agriculture and tourism sectors can be conflicting and need accurate planning and production policies to improve the intersections such as agro-tourism. The study aims to reveal the perceived conflicts and potentials between the agriculture and tourism sectors by local stakeholders within the axis of the planning and production policies. Within this purpose, the study approaches Slow City branding from a criticising perspective. The study is based on two main stages. In the first stage, the perception of local stakeholders on tourism and agriculture sectors is determined through an interview. In the second stage, planning and policy suggestions are developed considering the outcomes of the first stage. The interview is conducted online with non-governmental organisations, cooperative representatives, local organisation representatives, and chambers that are related to the tourism and agriculture sectors. The questions aim to examine the changes in the spatial, social, demographic, cultural, economic, and political structure of Seferihisar within the perceptions of local stakeholders. The outcome of the interviews enlightens the planning approach for well-managed development. Finally, the framework of planning and policy approaches is drawn considering the perceived problems and potentials by local stakeholders.

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Kültür varlýklarýnýn korunmasý ve yönetilmesi süreçlerinde, koruma ile geliþme önerileri arasýnda denge kurulmasýnda yeni ve önemli bir araç olarak tanýmlanan kültürel miras etki deðerlendirme (KÜMED) konusu, 2000’li yýllarýn baþýnda çevresel etki deðerlendirmeden ayrýlarak geliþtirilmeye baþlanmýþtýr. “The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)” Dünya Miras Merkezi ve “International Council on Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS)” baþta olmak üzere, kültür varlýklarýnýn sürdürülebilirliðinin güçlendirilmesi hedefiyle birçok uluslararasý kurum ve kuruluþ tarafýndan çeþitli KÜMED rehberleri ve ilkeleri yayýmlanmýþtýr. Son yýllarda Türkiye’nin yakýndan izlediði Avrupa Birliði ve Amerika Birleþik Devletleri’nde, bu rehberlerin ülke mevzuatlarýyla bütünleþtirilerek uygulanmasý uluslararasý koruma literatürüne ve etki deðerlendirme pratiklerine geniþ katkýlar sunmaktadýr. Türkiye’de de KÜMED’in, mevcut koruma-etki deðerlendirme-planlama sistemi içinde nasýl konumlandýrýlabileceði tartýþýlmaktadýr. Bu nedenle, bu çalýþmada, KÜMED ile ilgili uluslararasý yaklaþýmlardan ve örnek uygulamalardan yapýlan çýkarýmlarla Türkiye’deki kültür mirasý ve etki deðerlendirme iliþkisinin kurulabilmesi için benimsenmesi gereken KÜMED ilkeleri tanýmlanmaktadýr. Bu baðlamda; KÜMED kavramý açýklanmakta, günümüzdeki uluslararasý çevresel etki deðerlendirme yaklaþýmlarýnda da görülen “proje” ya da “geliþme” odaklý perspektiften önemli ölçüde uzaklaþan, uluslararasý koruma kurumlarýnýn KÜMED yaklaþýmlarýna yer verilmektedir. Çalýþmada ayrýca, geliþmiþ ülkeler arasýndan KÜMED’e yenilikçi yaklaþýmlar sunan ve Türkiye’de KÜMED’in geliþtirilmesine katký saðlayabilecek nitelikte çeþitlenen dört yurt dýþý deneyimi olan Liverpool, Kinderdijk-Elshout, York Kenti Planý ve Özgürlük Anýtý örnekleri karþýlaþtýrýlarak deðerlendirilmiþtir. Uluslararasý KÜMED yaklaþýmlarý baðlamýnda Türkiye’de hazýrlanmýþ KÜMED uygulamalarýndan sayýlabilecek olan Haliç Metro Geçiþ Köprüsü ve Avrasya Tüneli Türkiye’deki KÜMED sorunlarýna dikkat çekilerek incelenmiþtir. Ele alýnan KÜMED uygulamalarýnýn hepsinin öne çýkan nitelikleri ve güçlü özellikleri çerçevesinde Türkiye için ulusal bir koruma stratejisinin ihtiyacýnýn yaný sýra; koruma-KÜMED-planlama sisteminin yeniden kurgulanarak bütünleþtirilmesi gerekliliði vurgulanarak Türkiye’de uygulanabilir bir KÜMED için temel ilkeler geliþtirilmiþtir.

Heritage impact assessment (HIA)1 which is a new important tool to establish the balance development proposals within the processes of conservation and management of cultural properties, has shown remarkable progress since its differentiation from environmental impact assessment (EIA) in the early 2000s. Various HIA guidelines and principles among which UNESCO World Heritage Centre and ICOMOS take attention have been published by international institutions and organisations to strengthen the sustainability of cultural properties. While Turkey has followed the improvements in the E.U. and the U.S. where the integration of these guidelines has enhanced HIA are integrated the integration of these guidelines into countries’ legislation has contributed extensively to HIA practices put HIA into force in Turkey is still an outstanding question. Therefore, this study aims to describe a general HIA framework for Turkish conservation sites based on the international approaches and cases from E.U. countries and the U.S. The proposed framework includes a national conservation strategy for Turkey, a conservation-HIA-planning system design connected by HIA, and procedures and processes for an effective HIA. As the impact assessment refers not only to a legal procedure but also a technical tool, the study’s methodology comprises literature research on the history of HIA and its evolution in Turkey, recent international perspectives of HIA, and examination of six case studies, two of which are from Turkey. Four cases from developed countries that represent innovative approaches to HIA are chosen based on their applicable regulations concerning HIA in Turkey and their impact assessment process and methodology. Turkish cases, on the other hand, exemplify how international HIA frameworks have been treated. It is crucial to see examples from developed countries that offer different HIA frameworks in addition to the ICOMOS’ HIA Guidance for internationally listed cultural heritage. In this context, the paper begins with a brief introduction and continues with the conceptual explanation of HIA and case studies, respectively; Heritage Impact Assessment of Liverpool Waters, Heritage Impact Assessment Study of Proposed Spatial Plans on the Mill Network at Kinderdijk-Elshout, Heritage Impact Assessment of York Local Plan, and Heritage Impact Assessment for the Statue of Liberty New Museum Construction. In addition to their general HIA approaches, the scale and characteristics of the cultural heritage expected to be affected by the developments have been considered. The main theme of the third part includes the current relationship between cultural heritage and impact assessment practices in Turkey. Two HIA cases from Turkey, Golden Horn Metro Crossing Bridge and Eurosia Tunnel, are examined and evaluated. When all cases from E.U., the U.S., and Turkey’s HIA challenges are considered together, it is seen that there are many problems to be solved for a more effective HIA. Linked with the Turkish challenges, these problems are evaluated, and recommendations are provided under three headlines: the gap in the Turkish legislation-Turkish National Conservation Strategy, the adaptation of international principles-HIA defined in the Turkish conservation-impact assessment mechanism, connection issues between theory and practice of HIA – A New Improved Process for HIA studies. In order to propose a robust HIA framework for Turkish conservation areas, it is found out that there is an urgent need for radical changes in planning, conservation, and impact assessment regulations as experienced in England and the Netherlands cases. This is described by the general conservation strategy for the whole country, grounded on Turkish cultural property descriptions. Similarly, each law or procedure within these three disciplines should be interconnected and integrated by putting innovative approaches into the planning system. As seen in the U.S. cases, although impact assessment and conservation could be connected via guidance on the actor relations, for an effective process, HIA should be built parallel to both conservation-management of cultural heritage and decision-making process of policies, plans, and projects. Therefore, the proposed HIA flowchart and its impact assessment phases constitute a more extensive process that includes three mechanisms to be managed by features of any conservation area. Inspired by the technical principles of ICOMOS HIA Guidance, evaluated legal systems, and considering the scales of cultural heritage, this study supports HIA theory and practice by declaring it as an integration instrument when it puts the cultural property in the centre.

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Bu çalýþmada, Eskiþehir’in imaj algýsýný ve sentaktik olarak okunabilirliðini ölçmek, imaj ögeleri ve sayýsal okunabilirlik arasýndaki iliþkiyi karþýlaþtýrmalý analizlerle tartýþmak amaçlanmýþtýr. Metodolojik olarak çalýþma üç aþamadan oluþmaktadýr. Ýlk olarak Lynch, Nasar ve Rapoport’un imaj ve kentsel mekân algýsýna yönelik yaklaþýmlarý konseptinde bir anket hazýrlanmýþ ve bu anket karþýlýklý görüþme þeklinde halk ve uzmanlardan oluþan 60 kiþilik bir gruba uygulanarak alýnan cevaplar doðrultusunda kentin imaj haritasý oluþturulmuþtur. Ýkinci aþamada kentin aks haritasý çizilmiþ ve mekân sentaks metodolojisi kullanýlarak aksiyel analiz yöntemiyle bütünleþme, baðlýlýk, anlaþýlabilirlik ve sinerji parametreleri kentsel ölçekte analiz edilmiþtir. Son aþamada ise imaj ögeleri, belirlenen sayýsal parametreler baðlamýnda karþýlaþtýrmalý olarak tartýþýlmýþtýr. Sonuç olarak, ilk sýrada yol parametresinin algýsý en yüksektir, nirengi ve düðüm noktasý parametreleri yakýn seviyede ve ikinci sýradadýr, bölge parametresi ise son sýradadýr. Çalýþma, imaj ögelerini hem detayda kategorize ederek her bir ögenin sayýsal olarak deðerlendirilmesine imkân vermesi açýsýndan hem de imaj ögesinin algýsýnýn sayýsal olarak hangi parametrede daha öncelikli olduðunu tartýþabilmek adýna farklý bir metodolojik yaklaþým ortaya koymaktadýr.

This study aims to measure the image perception and spatial legibility of Eskisehir city and to discuss the relationship between image elements and spatial legibility through comparative analysis. Methodologically, the study consists of three stages. (1) A questionnaire was prepared in line with Lynch, Nasar, and Rapoport’s approaches to image and urban space perception. This questionnaire was applied to a group of 60 consisting of ordinary people and experts in the form of mutual interviews, and an image map of the city was created as a result of the answers received. (2) An axial map of the city was drawn and integration, connectivity, intelligibility, and synergy parameters were analysed at an urban scale with the axial analysis method using space syntax methodology. (3) Image elements were discussed comparatively in the context of determining numerical parameters. As a result, the perception of the path parameter was the highest; the landmark and node parameters were close to one another and came second, and the district parameter was the last. The study proposes a different methodological approach in order to categorise the image elements in detail, allowing each element to be evaluated numerically, and to discuss on which parameter the perception of the image element is numerically more important.

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Bu çalýþma, öðrenme stilleri ve mekânsal algý düzeyinin, mimari tasarlamadaki baþarý ile aralarýnda bir iliþki olup olmadýðýný tespit etmek amacýyla gerçekleþtirilmiþtir. Mimarlýk eðitiminde 17 ilk yýl mimarlýk öðrencisinin katýlýmýyla, tasarým stüdyosu egzersizi olarak çok aþamalý ve beþ hafta süren bir tasarým problemi tanýmlanmýþtýr. Bu problemde bir meyvenin kesit bilgisinden, iki ve üç boyutlu olmak üzere, yapýsal ve mekânsal bilgiler üretilmesi beklenmiþtir. En son aþamada ise tüm analitik bilgiler iliþkilendirilerek tek kiþilik mekânsal bir barýnma kabuðu tasarlanmasý istenmiþtir. Tüm süreç öðrencilerle önceden paylaþýlmýþ olan tasarým ve deðerlendirme kriterleri çerçevesinde incelenmiþtir. Stüdyodaki tasarým çalýþmasýnýn tamamlanmasýnýn ardýndan, tasarým üreten öðrencilere David Kolb’un öðrenme stilleri envanteri ve mekânsal algý testi yazýlý olarak yüz yüze uygulanmýþtýr. Test sonunda elde edilen veriler, bilgisayar ortamýna aktarýlmýþ ve dijitalleþtirilmiþtir. Bu süreçte, Kolb’un öðrenme stili envanterinin sayýsal deðerlendirme aþamalarý uygulanmýþtýr. Mekânsal algý testinde ise çoktan seçmeli ve çizerek tarifleme aþamalarý karma olarak kullanýlmýþ ve öðrencilerin tamamý bu teste doðru cevaplar verdiðinden, testin sonucu bu araþtýrmada etki eden bir veri olarak ele alýnmamýþtýr. Kolb testinde ise öðrencilerin, ayrýþtýran, deðiþtiren, yerleþtiren ve özümseyen öðrenme tiplerinden hangisinde olduðu belirlenmeye çalýþýlmýþtýr. Sonuçlarýna göre, 17 katýlýmcý öðrenciden, %76.4’ünün “deðiþtiren”, %17.6’sýnýn “özümseyen”, %6’sýnýn ise “yerleþtiren” olduðu görülmüþtür. “Ayrýþtýran” öðrenme stilinde bir öðrenci tespit edilmemiþtir. Bu çeþitliliðe göre tasarým sürecinde en yüksek notlarý “özümseyen” öðrenme stiline sahip öðrencilerin aldýðý ortaya çýkmýþtýr. Özümseyen öðrenme stillerine sahip öðrenciler, farklý öðrenme stillerine sahip diðer öðrencilere kýyasla bu tasarým çalýþmasý için daha olumlu sonuçlar elde etmiþtir. Sonuç olarak, tasarým eðitim stratejileri geliþtirilirken bu tür araþtýrmalarýn önemli katkýsý olabileceði görülmüþtür.

This research was executed with the purpose to discover if there is a correlation between the learning styles and spatial abilities of novice students of architectural education and their success in a given design exercise. In the research, a group of 17 first-year students of architectural education was assigned with a multiphase design problem. The design process was realised, improved, and finalised within 5 weeks through studio discussions and critics. After the exercises were completed, the students are asked to participate in David Kolb’s learning style inventory and a spatial-visual perception test. The results of the inventory and the test were compared with and correlated to the students’ performance in the design studio for the given problem. According to the results of Kolb’s learning style inventory, among 17 attendants, it is seen that 76.4% of the students are “convergent” 17.6% is “assimilator”, 6% is “accommodator”. Interestingly there is no student with a “divergence” type of learning. Regarding the studio exercise, it is discovered that the grades of the 17 students differ. According to this comparison, it is observed that the students with the learning style of “assimilation” had the highest grades in the design process. In other words, the students with assimilating learning styles are accepted as more promising for this design exercise compared to the other students with other learning styles. It is found critical to further these kinds of studies through which the designedly educative strategies may adopt new methods to promote the production of creative knowledge.

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Teknoloji ve sermayeye baðlý geliþmelerle, öncelikli olarak kâr amacýyla biçimlenen planlamalar sonucunda, kentler kontrolsüz bir deðiþim, tüketim ve dönüþüm sürecine maruz kalmýþtýr. Özellikle çok hýzlý geliþen kentlerde bu sürece tutunamayan kentsel dýþ mekân parçalarý gündelik yaþamda farklý aralýklardan karþýmýza çýkmaktadýr. Çalýþmanýn ana temasý aþýrýlýk üzerinden tanýmlanan günümüz üstmodern kentlerinde, bu mekân parçalarýný biçimsel ve kavramsal olarak tanýmlamak, artýk alan olgusunu açýlýmlamaktýr. Çalýþmanýn amacý; artýk alanlarýn kentte var olma nedenlerinin, bulunduklarý baðlamlarda ürettikleri olumsuz etkilerin ötesinde, kamusallýk ara kesitinde barýndýrdýklarý potansiyelleri deðerlendirmek, kentteki mekânsal karþýlýklarýný sorgulamak ve bu alanlarýn kente kazandýrýlma süreçlerinin insan deneyimine odaklanan, kuramsal bir altyapý üzerinden geliþtirilmesi gerekliliðine dikkati çekmektir. Bu kapsamda Londra’nýn en önemli ulaþým arterlerinden birisi olan Low-Line Tren Hattý artýk alan olarak incelenmiþ, alanda düzenlenen mimari tasarým yarýþmasýnýn ödül alan projeleri üzerinden alanýn potansiyelleri ve kente katýlým sürecine dair önerilen yaklaþýmlar deðerlendirilmiþtir.

Cities have been exposed to an uncontrolled change, consumption, and transformation process because of the profit-oriented planning systems with the developments dependent on technology and capital. Due to the reasons that can be detailed under major circumstances such as the increase in the private vehicle usage, the planning approaches generated for public spaces during the modernism period, the determination of regional distinctions with stable boundaries, the disconnection in the transitions of public-private spaces, and the inaccurate applications in decontamination of city centres from industry, military and massive transportation areas; caused the existence of the remnant space problematic nature. Especially in cities that are developed very fast, urban outdoor spaces cannot adapt to this process and transform into remnant spaces with generating different problems in daily life. The main theme of the study is to define these problematic urban pieces formally and conceptually in today’s upper-modern city context, which is defined with extremism. In the upper-modern city, there are critical changes in public space because of globalization. All the terms and qualifications that are attached to public space; remain incapable because those changes occur in a very fast time period. To explain the upper modern urban space through the scope of anthropology; the urban fabric should produce daily identical interactions, but in upper-modern cities, urban fabric has various losses because of temporary interactions. In the scope of anthropology, the historical and contextual side of the urban space is so valuable, unique, and nominative but in an upper-modern cities, urban space is general and has connectivity problems with its context and close environment. After expanding the meaning of the upper modern city; remnant space is defined within the interactive relation of the existing similar terms in the international literature. Lands of contempt, empty space, border vacuums, defensible space, lost space, space of uncertainty, awkward space, residual space, gapscape, modern wasteland, and liminal space are associated with the remnant terms. These associated terms helped to explain the remnant space through the emphasis of potentials as new public spaces of the upper-modern cities. The aim of the study is to evaluate the potentials of remnant spaces within the publicity, questioning their spatial offsets in the uppermodern city and emphasise the necessity of regenerating these spaces through a theoretical approach that focuses on the human experience. In this context, the Low-Line Railway, which is one of the most important transportation arteries of London, has been examined as a remnant space. The Low-Line refers to the important city flows along the route in between Southwark tube station in the west, London Bridge Station in the east. The most important key approach is to evaluate a remnant space within its unique context to explore its core potential of the remnant space. For this reason, the remnant space is evaluated within its dynamic context by addressing a group of specifications that emphasise the human scale importance as a basis. Resilience; adapting to contextual changes. Placemaking; defining the functional requirements by understanding user needs, regeneration; supporting the remnant space with new values. Social interaction; encouraging active living and recreation. Exemplary; creating an example approach by enhancing biodiversity within the city. Green infrastructure; generating nature-based sustainable solutions for the area. Active pedestrian flow: providing opportunities to reduce the dominance of vehicles. Communication and engagement; getting involved in the user experience, residents, and businesses into the process. Through these criteria, awarded competition projects have been evaluated and potentials of the remnant space have been exposed by enhancing user experience importance.

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Cumhuriyet ile birlikte Anadolu’da sanayi tesislerinin kurulmasý kentlerin ekonomik, toplumsal ve mekânsal yapýsýný deðiþime uðratmýþtýr. Sanayi yapýlarý, yarattýklarý iþ olanaklarý ve barýnmadan eðitime sunduklarý hizmetler ile kentleþme sürecini etkilemiþlerdir. Bunun yaný sýra konut çeþitliliði ile sosyal ortamýn oluþumuna olanak saðlamýþtýr. Bu çalýþmada Anadolu’da endüstriyel kalkýnma hamlelerinden biri olarak kâðýt fabrikalarýn kurulmasý ele alýnmakta olup Batý Karadeniz Bölgesi’nde yer alan Çaycuma SEKA Kâðýt Fabrikasý incelenmiþtir. Çalýþma, Cumhuriyet Dönemi ile baþlayan endüstriyel kalkýnma hamlesinin devamýnda Devlet Planlama Teþkilatý’nýn kurulmasý ve planlý dönemin ilk temel sanayi tesislerinden biri olan Çaycuma Kâðýt Fabrikasý’nýn tarihçesi ve sosyal konut sitesinin mimari analizini yaparak döneminin özelliklerini ortaya koymayý amaçlamaktadýr. Çaycuma Kâðýt Fabrikasý, tarýmla uðraþan bölge halkýna önemli ölçüde iþ imkâný saðlarken, bölgenin ekonomik, fiziksel ve sosyal yapýsýný da dönüþtürmüþtür. Fabrika, bünyesinde barýndýrdýðý yönetici, memur ve iþçi konutlarýyla birlikte misafirhane-lokal, sinema, spor tesisleri gibi sosyal mekânlarý da içererek kentin deðiþimini ivmelendiren örnek bir model olarak tanýmlanabilir. Nitel araþtýrma yöntemlerinin alan çalýþmasý ile desteklendiði bu çalýþmada elde edilen fotoðraf, çizim ve gözlemlere dayalý bulgular ile sosyal site konutlarýnýn mekânsal ve görsel analizi yapýlmýþ ve inþa edildikleri döneme ait mimari ve sosyal yaþam baðlamýnda yeri ortaya konulmuþtur. Sosyal site konutlarýnýn plan kurgularýnýn sadeliði ve içinde bulunduklarý doðal çevreyle uyumlu olmalarý, kentin geleneksel dokusundan farklýlaþarak kendine özgü ve düzenli bir planlamaya sahip olmasý dikkat çekici niteliktedir. Çaycuma Kâðýt Fabrikasý ve sosyal sitenin Cumhuriyet Dönemi ile baþlayan sanayi yerleþke þemalarýnýn Cumhuriyetin ilerleyen yýllarýnda da devam ettirildiðini gösteren bir konumda olduðu saptanmýþtýr.

The emergence of industrial facilities in Anatolia following the establishment of the Republic in Turkey led to changes in the economic, social, and spatial structure of the cities. Industrial buildings also had an impact on the urbanization process due to the job opportunities they generate and the services they offer from housing to education. In addition, industrial facilities enabled the formation of a social environment depending on the housing diversity. In this study, the establishment of paper mills as one of the industrial development steps in Anatolia is discussed and Çaycuma SEKA Paper Mill located in the Western Black Sea Region is examined as a case. The study aims to reveal the characteristics of the period by analyzing the history of the Çaycuma Paper Mill, which is one of the preliminary industrial facilities of the planned period with the establishment of the State Planning Organization, and the architectural analysis of the social housing estates. The problem of the study is that the housing estate, which has preserved its original values, has not been documented. In this study, qualitative research methods were supported by a field survey. The field survey consisted of information gathering, on-site observation, interview with people, photographing, on-site measurement and visualization. The study was supported by drawings and documents from the official institutional archives of the buildings in the housing estate. Then, the spatial and visual analysis of housing estates was made with the findings. Furthermore, the significance of these housing estates was revealed in the context of the architectural and social life of the period. While Çaycuma Paper Mill provided job opportunities to the people of the region engaged in agriculture, it also transformed the economic, physical, and social structure of the region. In the first years of the Republic, the Garden City practices, which emerged as a means of creating a new national identity, can also be seen on the housing estate of the factory. This site hosted the residences, which can accommodate 172 families ranging from 60 to 80 sqm sized, for officers and workers, and also for managers and assistant managers. It can be seen as an exemplary model that accelerates the change of the city by including the social facilities such as the guesthouse-club, cinema building, sports field, together with the residences. The housing units were planned to form a clustered organization around dead-end streets. It is noteworthy that the houses were designed in a dense green environment. Except for one of the managers and the two assistant managers’ residences built in 1986, all residences are planned to accommodate two-family on each floor. The simplicity of the plans and their coherence with the natural environment present the unique and regular planning of the site differing from the traditional fabric of the city. There are a total of 36 residences (two of which have been demolished) in the housing estate. Although the spatial organization is in 6 different types, the residences were built in 9 different types due to the differentiation consisting of the number of floors. The residences were in use during the assembly of the factory and were largely completed in early 1968. Housing estate have architectural importance as they reflect the planning, construction technique, and material properties of the period in which they were built and they also have sociological importance since they reflect the socio-economic status, lifestyle, and quality of its employees in the industrial sector. As a result, the factory and its housing estate is an example in which the effects of the modernization process of the city of Çaycuma on the urban structure and social life are reflected through a strong industrialization program. Çaycuma Paper Mill has became an important industrial complex of the period with its business and administrative buildings, residential buildings and social service buildings. The housing estate, on the other hand, became a modernization model for the city and was planned at the neighborhood scale. With this feature, it is an indication that the settlement schemes that started with the Early Republic Period were continued in the later years of the Republic. The housing estate, which is a reflection of modern architecture on an urban scale, is capable of responding to all kinds of needs of its users with its functions.

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Tarihin pek çok döneminde çeþitli zaman dilimlerinde, týpký bugünde olduðu gibi, toplumsal yaþam ile birlikte ekonomik ve politik hayatý etkileyen salgýn hastalýklar ve bu salgýnlar sonucundaki kitlesel ölümler; þehirlerin fiziki, sosyal ve demografik yapýsýnda kalýcý ve büyük deðiþiklere neden olmuþtur. Bir salgýn hastalýk durumunda ise devletlerin en etkin tedbir yöntemleri þüphesiz hastalýðýn ortaya çýkýþ yerinden dýþarý yayýlmasýný engelleyerek, ayný yerde imha edilmesini saðlayan karantina (tahaffuz) uygulamalarý olmuþtur. Salgýnlarla yapýlan mücadelede tüm dünyada uygulanan karantina tedbirleri, 19. yüzyýlda Osmanlý Devleti’nde de modern anlamda uygulanmaya baþlanmýþtýr. Trabzon, karanti¬na önlemlerinin Ýstanbul’dan sonra uygulandýðý ilk þehirlerden biri olarak önem taþýmaktadýr. Çalýþmada, Osmanlý Anadolu’sundaki önemli karantina noktalarýndan biri olan Trabzon’da, salgýn hastalýklarla mücadelede kurumsal olarak karantina idaresinin kurulduðu 1838 yýlýndan, Osmanlý Devleti’nin Birinci Dünya Savaþý’na girmesi ve savaþ yýllarýnda salgýn hastalýklarýn faktörel olarak yön deðiþtirdiði 1914 yýlýna kadar inþa edilen karantina merkezleri konu edilmiþtir. Bu baðlamda, Trabzon’a iliþkin mevcut literatürde yer alan karantina teþkilatýnýn kuruluþu ve bu teþkilatýn faaliyetlerine iliþkin bilgilerin ötesinde, þehirde inþa edilen ancak bugün tamamen ortadan kalkmýþ olan karantina yapýlarýnýn mümkün olduðunca eksiksiz tespit edilmesi hedeflenmiþtir. Bu yapýlarýn fiziki özelliklerinin ortaya konulmasý, inþa edildikleri yer, bu yerin seçim nedenleri ile þehir-yer-yapý iliþkisinin arþiv belgeleri ve haritalar üzerinden tartýþýlmasý ise çalýþmanýn ana amacýný oluþturmaktadýr.

The quarantine measures which have been applied in fighting epidemics all over the world have also been applied by the Ottoman State in the 19th century. Trabzon has a significant place for being among the first cities after Istanbul where these quarantine measures had been applied. Indeed, Trabzon which was a major transit trade centre of the Ottoman had been severely affected by each epidemic and also had been influential in the spreading of epidemics through overland and sea routes. During periods of epidemics in Trabzon and its periphery the course of diseases, number of patients, officials and also the measures taken in the city and the comfort conditions of the quarantine centres often have been subject to administrative correspondences and health reports of this era whereas the existing studies solely focused on these aspects of quarantines. There is a lack of information on the architectural characteristics of these buildings which have vanished almost without leaving any trace, their location and the relation of their locations with the city. Further, the possibility of the existence of other buildings which might not be mentioned previously or might not be noticed is worth considering. In this context, this study aims to identify the names and general views of the quarantine centres built in Trabzon, identify the locations of these buildings and question the reasons for selecting these locations by reviewing archive documents and maps. Thus, the locations of these buildings within the city’s topography and their architectural physical status are objects of interest whereas there is no comprehensive study that considers these buildings as a whole and questions these aspects. This study includes the period from 1838 when a modern and organized quarantine centre for fighting epidemics has been established in Trabzon up to 1914 when the influences of war emerged in daily life because the Ottoman State joined World War One. In the course of the definition of the quarantine buildings; first the identification, construction dates and location were tried to be clarified by using, besides modern studies, also archive documents, itineraries, official reports and ruins of the buildings to identify the architectural characteristics. An effort has been shown to put forth the general structure related to the construction location of the building, the relation of this location with the city, port and trade routes by visualising this construction by extensive literature search, archive scanning and studying maps. In this study, five quarantine buildings that are presumed to be constructed to prevent any diseases mainly on trade routes have been identified in Trabzon. In addition to these quarantine buildings, a tebhirhane (disinfection stations) was constructed because of migrations to Trabzon. In total six buildings were studied in this research. The first among them is the Güzelhisar quarantine centre which is distinguished by its location associated with the port and the city. Simultaneously with this building and in direct relation with the ports, the Sürmene-Araklý quarantine centre had been constructed in the east whereas the Pulathane quarantine centre had been constructed in the west. The Hamsiköy quarantine centre in the south which plays a role as the gate of the city as well and the Deðirmendere quarantine centre which was the last control point on the road before entering the city is of significance in terms of land trade routes other than ports and of the relation established by these routes with the city. The only quarantine centre which is jot associated with the trade routes was the Kavakmeydaný Tebhirhane which had been built after the Crimean War. While considering the quarantine measures and practices of the capital city and comparing them with those in Trabzon, it is understood that these buildings have been constructed as temporary buildings mostly in the form of sheds. In conclusion, the Ottoman practices in fighting epidemics which consisted of preventing the disease by temporary methods instead of developing fundamental solutions and applications caused the construction of quarantine buildings in Trabzon in the form of temporary sheds. These buildings were expanded by extensions when necessary and were neglected with the elimination of the epidemics and eventually destructed without leaving a trace.

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Iþýðýn görsel etkilerinin yaný sýra biyolojik ve davranýþsal etkilerinin de olduðu bilinmektedir. Bu etkiler görüntü oluþturmayan ya da görsel olmayan tepkiler olarak tarif edilmektedir. Iþýðýn görsel ve görsel olmayan etkilerini dikkate alan aydýnlatma tasarýmý bütünleþik aydýnlatma ve insan odaklý aydýnlatma gibi terimlerle ifade edilmektedir. Bununla birlikte insan odaklý aydýnlatma anlamýnda iþleve göre saðlanmasý gereken aydýnlýk düzeyi ve renk sýcaklýðý konusunda henüz bir fikir birliði yoktur. Bu çalýþmada bir büro hacminde aydýnlýk düzeyi ve benzer renk sýcaklýðý bakýmýndan farklý dört statik aydýnlatma ve bir dinamik aydýnlatma senaryosu oluþturulmuþtur. Bu senaryolar ýþýðýn görsel ve görsel olmayan etkileri açýsýndan istatistiksel analiz ve hesaplama yolu ile karþýlaþtýrýlmýþtýr. Iþýðýn biyolojik potansiyelini nicelik olarak belirlemek üzere deney hacmindeki her çalýþma masasý için melanopik eþdeðer günýþýðý aydýnlýk düzeyi hesaplanmýþtýr. Bu hesaplamada göz hizasýnda ölçülen tayfsal erkesel aydýnlýk veri alýnmýþtýr. Ýstatistiksel deðerlendirme, uzun ve kýsa süreli çalýþma olmak üzere iki farklý koþul için yapýlmýþtýr. Her senaryonun iki hafta boyunca uygulandýðý uzun süreli çalýþmaya deney hacminde çalýþan akademisyenler katýlmýþtýr. Her senaryonun 20 dakika süreyle uygulandýðý kýsa süreli çalýþmanýn katýlýmcýlarý akademisyenler, doktora ve yüksek lisans öðrencileri olmuþtur. Yüksek aydýnlýk düzeyi ve/veya soðuk ýþýk renginin uyanýk, dinlenmiþ ve enerjik hissetmede etkili olduðu ortaya çýkmýþtýr. Bununla birlikte, katýlýmcýlarýn tercihi genel olarak ýlýk renkli ýþýk ile oluþturulan yüksek aydýnlýk düzeyinden yana olmuþtur.

It is well-known that light has biological and behavioural effects in addition to its visual effects. These effects are described as non-image-forming or non-visual responses. Lighting design considering the visual and non-visual effects of light is expressed in terms such as integrated lighting or human centric lighting. However, there is still no consensus on the illuminance and colour temperature to be provided depending on the type of task or activity in the sense of human centric lighting. The aim of this study is to determine the lighting conditions in an office that are biologically effective, meet the visual requirements and at the same time is rated as positive by the occupants. For this purpose, four static lighting scenarios and one dynamic lighting scenario are created in an office room, which differ in terms of illuminance and correlated colour temperature. These scenarios are compared with regard to visual and non-visual effects of light through surveys and α-opic equivalent daylight (D65) illuminance calculations. The composition of static scenarios are ‘500 lx, 4000 K’, ‘1000 lx, 5500 K’, ‘1250 lx, 4000 K’, ‘1500 lx, 5500 K’. The limits of the dynamic scenario are ‘500 lx-1000 lx’ and ‘3500 K-5500 K’. These values are provided on the task area of the worktable chosen as a reference to adjust the scenarios through the lighting control system. In order to determine the biological potential of light quantitatively, the melanopic equivalent daylight illuminance was calculated for each working table in the office room. The spectral irradiance data measured at eye level were used in this calculation. In addition to the questions about the determination of the emotional states of the participants, questions about the evaluation of the lighting scenario with regard to illuminance, colour temperature of light, influence on the working conditions and ambient atmosphere were also included in the questionnaire. The statistical evaluation of the survey data was carried out for two different conditions, a long-term and a short-term study. Academic staff working in the mock-up room participated in the long-term study, in which each scenario was implemented for 2 weeks. The participants of the short-term study, in which each scenario was applied for 20 minutes, were academicians, doctoral and master’s students. It became apparent that high illuminance and/or cool colour of light are effective in feeling alert, rested and energetic. However, the preference of the participants was generally in favour of the neutral light colour. Regarding illuminance 500 lx was evaluated as low and 1500 lx as high. The scenario that was found to be the most positive in terms of the illuminance, the colour temperature of light and its effect on the working conditions in both long- and short-term study was ‘1250 lx, 4000 K’. The appreciation of the neutral light colour can also play a role in this result. It was found that the variable ambient atmosphere in dynamic lighting is more natural than static scenarios with 500 lx and 1000 lx. Preferences may conflict with each other in terms of visual and non-visual effects of light. Instead of continuously using scenarios with high illuminance and/or cool light colour, the implementation in shorter periods of time, in which people have to feel more alive and alert, can be a rational and balanced solution. The results of this study, in which the visual and non-visual effects of lighting scenarios with different illuminances and colour temperatures on office workers are assessed, can be considered to determine the optimal conditions for integrated lighting in offices.

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Kentsel yerleþmeler küresel enerji tüketiminin önemli bölümlerinden sorumlu olduklarý için yeni geliþtirilecek yerleþmelerin enerji etkin olarak tasarlanmasý güncel ve önemli bir yaklaþým olarak deðerlendirilmektedir. Bu doðrultuda çalýþmada enerji etkin yerleþme dokusu ve bina tasarýmýna yönelik geliþtirilen parametrik bir model önerisinin sunulmasý amaçlanmýþtýr. Modelde tasarým parametrelerinin bina enerji tüketimi üzerindeki etki düzeylerini deðerlendirmek için performans odaklý bir simülasyon yöntemi kullanýlarak tasarým aþamasýna yönelik uygun çözümlerin üretilmesi hedeflenmiþtir. Önerilen model, ýlýmlý-nemli iklim bölgesinde yer alan ve hýzlý bir kentsel dönüþüm sürecinden geçen Ýstanbul için uygulanmýþtýr. Belirlenen yerleþme dokusu ve binaya iliþkin tasarým parametrelerinin (plan tipi, kat sayýsý, H/W oraný, yerleþme tipi) kombinasyonlarýyla 18 senaryo alternatifi üretilerek farklý ölçeklerde (yerleþme, bina, bina kabuðu, kontrol sistemleri) alýnan tasarým kararlarýnýn referans binanýn enerji performansýna etkileri analiz edilmiþtir. Yerleþmelerin geometrisi, binalarýn birbirlerine göre konumlarýna baðlý olarak güneþ eriþim düzeylerini kontrol etmekte ve enerji performansýný etkilemektedir. Ýstanbul için konutlarda ýsýtma enerjisi tüketimi soðutma ve aydýnlatma enerjisine kýyasla yüksektir; dolayýsýyla, ýsýtma enerjisi tüketiminin azaltýlabilmesi için yüksek güneþ eriþimi saðlayan düþük H/W oranlarýna sahip ve ayrýk nizamda konumlanmýþ binalarýn yer aldýðý yerleþme dokularý öne çýkmaktadýr. Enerji analizlerine göre, tasarým sürecinde alýnan doðru tasarým kararlarýyla kurulan yerleþmelerde diðer alternatiflere kýyasla toplam enerji tüketiminde %26 oranýna varan düþüþ saðlanmýþ; bina kabuðu optimizasyonu ve güneþ kontrol sistemlerinin entegrasyonuyla binalarýn enerji performansýnýn %19 oranýna kadar iyileþtirilebileceði tespit edilmiþtir. Yüksek enerji performansýna sahip binalar ve sürdürülebilir yerleþmelere yönelik olarak tasarým kararlarýnýn önemini vurgulayan bu çalýþmada sunulan yaklaþým, karar verici paydaþlar için alternatif uygulamalarý sentezleyerek kentsel planlama alanýndaki mevcut boþluðun doldurulmasýna katký saðlamayý hedeflemektedir.

Energy consumption in urban areas is constantly increasing to satisfy human needs that are shaped in line with developing technology and changing life conditions. Currently, urban areas account for three-quarters of global primary energy use and 70% of the world’s greenhouse gas emissions (UN-Habitat, 2020). It is extremely important to transform existing urban settlements considering energy-efficient solutions to keep the natural balance for ensuring a more sustainable world. Thus, the design of settlements is held responsible not only for the development of common urban spaces but also for the energy performance of buildings depending on the complex settlement geometry. Therefore, many different variables should be integrated into the settlement design process to provide optimum conditions for buildings by reducing heating, cooling, and lighting energy consumption. Regarding this goal, the proposed model aimed to reveal the interaction between settlement geometry and building form with a parametric approach by comparing the impact level of each design parameter related to settlement and building on building energy performance at different scales. A performance-oriented simulation method was used to assess settlement scenarios generated from simplified urban geometries to narrow down design options regarding the principles of early design stage exploration and iteration. The approach was implemented in Istanbul (temperate-humid climate), where ongoing urban renewal has already been changing existing settlement textures and increasing urban density, for making a significant contribution to the country’s economy by offering sustainable measures. In this framework, a four-staged model has been proposed to develop suitable design solutions via the determination of energy efficient values for the design parameters providing minimum energy consumption for a reference building in settlement texture. At the first stage, parameters related to climate, user, settlement texture, building, and active building sub-systems were defined based on the result of detailed research regarding related standards, regulations, and statistical data to establish reference building. At the second stage, as the outcome of the various combinations of identified values for design parameters related to settlement texture and building (plan type, number of floors, H/W ratio, settlement type), 18 settlement scenario alternatives composed of exactly identical buildings were generated. In the third stage, the effect of each design parameter on building energy performance was evaluated by calculating annual heating, cooling and lighting energy consumption per module for reference building defined in scenarios. Within this scope, respectively, the design parameters related to settlement and building (plan type, number of floors, H/W ratio, and settlement type), building envelope (opaque envelope layering and transparency ratio) and building control systems (solar control) were analysed from upper scale to lower scale by presenting the results comparatively to reveal energy efficiency level obtained from each design alternatives. In the fourth stage, due to the inability to determine the absolute solution in urban design (Oke, 1988), the data obtained as a result of the comprehensive evaluations were compiled for Istanbul in a sample application format on how decisions to be taken for the design parameters affect the energy performance of the building. The study revealed that heating energy consumption of buildings in the temperate-humid climate zone is higher than cooling energy consumption due to shorter cooling periods and then lighting energy consumption due to less need for artificial lighting in the residential buildings. In other words, various applications of design solutions aiming to reduce the heating energy consumption of buildings for the settlements to be developed in Istanbul are beneficial regarding the increase in energy efficiency level. In this respect, it was found that square plan due to more compact form than rectangular, pavilion due to higher amount of solar radiation gain through three façades than slabs, higher buildings due to better solar access than lower buildings and lower H/W ratios due to wider distance between buildings than higher H/W ratios ensured lower heating energy consumption for buildings. According to the results, in the settlements established based on proper decisions taken during the preliminary design process, a decrease of up to 26% was achieved in the total energy consumption of the building compared to other alternatives. In addition, it has been determined that the energy performance of buildings can be improved up to 19% with the integration of building envelope optimisation and solar control systems. Consequently, this approach has an opportunity to bridge an existing gap by synthesising best practices for decision-makers based on building energy performance objectives and energy-efficient design solutions by contributing to developing comprehensive awareness that will lead to a more sustainable built environment.

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Yýldýz Kampüsü tarihi bahçesi Ýstanbul Ýli Beþiktaþ Ýlçesinde ve yaklaþýk 8,5 hektardýr. 2001 yýlýndan bugüne kadar vejetasyon sürecince arazi tespitleriyle bitkilerin konum, familya, tür, cins ve saðlýk durumlarý saptanmýþtýr. Bu kapsamda 53 familya, 142 tür olmak üzere toplam 3010 birey tespit edilmiþtir. En fazla bireye sahip ilk 10 familya sýrasýyla; Rosaceae, Oleaceae, Cupressaceae, Pinaceae, Palmae, Saxifragaceae, Aceraceae, Caprifoliaceae, Lauraceae ve Platanaceae’dýr. En fazla birey içeren familyalar içerdiði cins çokluðuna göre Rosaceae, Pinaceae, Cupressaceae, Oleaceae, Caprifoliaceae, Saxifragaceae, Aceraceae, Palmae, Platanaceae ve Lauraceae familyasýdýr. Pinaceae familyasý Abies spp., Cedrus spp., Picea spp. ve Pinus spp. en fazla cinse sahiptir, 16 türe ait birey 187 olup, toplam içinde oraný %6,21’dir. Boylu ve orta boylu çok yýllýk odunsu 18 familya, 47 türe ait 1227 birey, kýsa boylu 11 familya ve 21 türe ait 218 birey, toplam içinde 1445 birey ile %48 oranýndadýr. Çalýlar 26 familya ve 46 türe ait 1212 birey, yer örtücü ve þev bitkileri 13 familya ve 18 türe ait 353 birey tespit edilmiþtir. Sarýlýcý ve týrmanýcý dört familya ve dört tür oldukça çoktur. Toplam birey içinde 856 birey ile doðal türler %28,5 ve 2154 birey ile egzotik türler %71,5 oranýndadýr. Alanda Akdeniz iklim özelliklerine uyumlu Akdeniz (Mediterranean) fitocoðrafik bölgesinde yayýlýþ gösteren taksonlar çoðunluktadýr. Ancak Avrupa-Sibirya bölge elementinin de geniþ yer tutmasý alanýn bu floristik bölgeye yakýn olmasý ile ilgilidir. Flora araþtýrmalarýyla bölge ekolojisini ve iyi geliþen türleri belirlemek, yeþil alan planlamasý ve vejetasyon çalýþmalarý için çok önemlidir. Floristik yapýnýn ve taksonlarýn tespiti “Bölge Florasý” ve envanterinin tamamlanmasýna katký saðlayacaktýr.

In the planning of urban open and green areas, vegetative landscaping, the landscape ecology and habitat conditions of the region should be known first. Flora studies are very important to reveal the well-developed species, especially for vegetation studies. The indicator types, flora, and biotopes of Beþiktaþ District and Yýldýz Grove were determined and presented in detail, but there is no floristic study within the scope of the research area, which is separated and a part of the grove. This research was aimed to determine the plants of Yýldýz Campus’s historical garden and to determine their flora characteristics and floristic structure. Since 2001, the growing environmental conditions have been revealed by the determinations in the vegetation process in the area. Plant Survey Plan, Survey Determination Sheets, and Registration Forms were prepared and the location, family, species and genus, the health status of the plants were determined and recorded. Within the scope of the “Yýldýz Campus Floristic Structure” research, a total of 3010 individuals were identified, including 53 families and 142 species. According to the multiplicity of the individuals, the first 10 families with the most individuals are Rosaceae, Oleaceae, Cupressaceae, Pinaceae, Palmae, Saxifragaceae, Aceraceae, Caprifoliaceae, Lauraceae, and Platanaceae, respectively. According to the multiplicity of the genus they contain, the families with the highest number of individuals are Rosaceae, Pinaceae, Cupressaceae, Oleaceae, Caprifoliaceae, Saxifragaceae, Aceraceae, Palmae, Platanaceae, and Lauraceae. Pinaceae family Abies spp. Cedrus spp. Picea spp., Pinus spp. has the highest number of individuals belonging to a total of 16 species is 187, constituting 6.21% of the total number of individuals in the area. Eighteen families of tall and medium perennial woods, 1227 individuals belonging to 47 species, 11 short woody families, and 218 individuals belonging to 21 species, shrubs 26 families, and 1212 individuals belonging to 46 species were identified. Tall, medium and short perennial woods with 1445 individuals constitute almost half of the plants in the area, which is 48% in total. Three hundred and fifty-three individuals belonging to 13 families, and 18 species were identified as groundcover and slope plants. Individuals belonging to 4 families and 4 species of twining and climbing are uncountable on the building facades, garden walls, pergolas and trees. Among the total individuals, Natural Species with 856 individuals have a ratio of 28.5% and Exotic Species with 2154 individuals have the ratio of 71.5%. There are three major phytogeographic regions in Turkey;(Eurea-Siberian) which includes the northern shores of the Marmara Region and the entire Black Sea coast in the north and where plants adapted to the temperate climate are grown, the Mediterranean which includes our Aegean and southern coasts and penetrates as far as the Marmara region, with plants adapted to the Mediterranean climate and between these two regions, Irano-Turanian where plants that adapt to the continental climate grow. The biggest reason why Istanbul is rich in flora is that it is located at the intersection of these three regions. Although Istanbul is closer to the Black Sea, the Mediterranean climate vegetation is more common by the protection of the regions south of the Kocaeli Peninsula water section line from northern winds, sudden decrease in precipitation and summer drought. The fact that the majority of taxa in the Mediterranean Region in the research area show Mediterranean climate characteristics due to its phytogeographical location, but the European-Siberian regional element also has a large place is related to the fact that our study area is close to this floristic region in terms of plant geography. The findings of the research will contribute to the completion of the “Flora of Istanbul” inventory and guide the selection of the species that are compatible with the ecology of the region in the landscape studies.

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